Study-unit GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Course name | Biological sciences |
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Study-unit Code | 55017506 |
Curriculum | Comune a tutti i curricula |
Lecturer | Luigi Catacuzzeno |
Lecturers |
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Hours |
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CFU | 8 |
Course Regulation | Coorte 2023 |
Supplied | 2024/25 |
Supplied other course regulation | |
Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
Area | Discipline fisiologiche e biomediche |
Sector | BIO/09 |
Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
Type of learning activities | Attività formativa monodisciplinare |
Language of instruction | Italian |
Contents | The aim of the course of General Physiology is to provide students with knowledge and information in order to achieve a level of preparation appropriate to the degree in Biological Sciences. Topics covered will be a utility useful for following matters.Introduction to Physiology. Muscle Contraction. Introduction to Physiology of the Nervous System. Physiology of the Cardiovascular System. Physiology of respiratory system. Physiology of the renal system. Physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Physiology of the endocrine system. |
Reference texts | Title: Fisiologia cellule molecole e sistemi Authors: D'Angelo e Peres Editor: Ediermes |
Educational objectives | Knowledge of the structure and function of the plasmamembrane and transporters. Knowledge of the muscle physiology. Knowledge of the central and peripheral nervous system. |
Prerequisites | In order to understand the content of the course, student should have the following preliminary knowledge:1) Principles of Anatomy2) Principles of biochemistry, with special enphasis to the protein and phospholipid structure and energetic metabolism3) Chemistry. Equilibria. Acid-base reactions, particle diffution |
Teaching methods | The educational activities will be conducted through lectures. |
Other information | |
Learning verification modality | Written partial tests and final oral exam Written tests are two in number, each consisting of questions with multiple responses. The oral exam consists of questions performed over all the program (1/2 for studends that have performed the written tests, and 6 for students that have not performed the written tests) |
Extended program | Structure and function of the plasma membrane Main chemical components of the plasma membrane The fluid mosaic pattern Various types of solute transport across the plasma membrane Properties of simple diffusion Ownership of dissemination facilitated by transporters Properties of diffusion facilitated by ion channels Primary and secondary active transport The Na / K pump: properties and operating mechanisms The Ca ATPase pump Examples of secondary active transport Vesicular transport Transepithelial transport Osmosis and cell volume changes Concept of tonicity Cell volume regulation mechanisms: RVD (decrementing volume regulation) Mechanisms of regulation of cell volume: RVI (increasing volume regulation) Hypothesis on sensors of changes in cell volume The membrane potential and its origin The Nernst equation The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation Changes in the membrane potential caused by changes in ionic permeability The membrane as an electric circuit The graduated potential The space constant The potential for action Patch Clamp technique for recording ion channels Current clam and voltage clamp techniques The voltage gated K channels The voltage gated Na channels Ionic bases of the action potential The Hodgkin cycle The refractory Propagation of the action potential along a plasma membrane Propagation of the action potential in myelinated and unmyelinated fibers Main types of communication between cells Main phases of chemical communication between cells The receptors for chemical communication: properties and types Main types of intracellular second messengers The G proteins Tyrosine kinase transduction CAMP-mediated transduction PLC mediated transduction Chemical and electrical synapses Structure of a chemical synapse Main phases of synaptic transmission SNARE proteins The priming process Synaptotagmin and vesicular fusion Quantal release of neurotransmitter from a chemical synapse The postsynaptic potentials Main types of neurotransmitters Main types of postsynaptic receptors The receptors for acetylcholine GABA receptor The receptors for glutamate The receptors for noradrenaline Synaptic integration: convergence and divergence Synaptic integration: spatial and temporal summation Presynaptic inhibition Main types of muscle Structure of the skeletal muscle Thick and thin filament structure The sarcomere The cycle of cross bridges Calcium-dependence of the contractile mechanism in skeletal muscle Isometric and isotonic contraction Simple and tetanic shocks Tension-length relationship in skeletal muscle Tension-speed relationship in skeletal muscle Elastic components in series and in parallel in skeletal muscle Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle Slow and fast muscle fibers Skeletal muscle metabolism: main sources of energy expenditure Skeletal muscle metabolism: energy sources for contraction Main differences between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle Modulation of contraction in smooth muscle Calcium-dependence of smooth muscle contraction sensory modalities and law of specific nervous energies; stimulus-response curves in sensory perception; main stages of sensory function; sensory receptors and receptor potential function and types of somatic sensitivity; types of sensory neurons based on the conduction speed tactile sensitivity: types of receptors based on localization and response; prorpioceptive sensitivity: joint receptors, neuromuscular spindles, Golgi tendon receptors; somatosensory cortex and somatotopy; integration of somatic signals: lateral inhibition; pain: types of nociceptors and nociceptive stimuli; rapid pain and slow pain; primary and secondary hyperalgesia; referred pain; spinal modulation of nociception; endolymph and perilymph in the inner ear and their production; hair cells and mechanical transduction channels; structure and function of semicircular canals and otolithic organs; the cochlea and the path of the sound waves inside it; the organ of the corti and the mechanical transduction of sound waves; internal and external hair cells of the organ of Corti; amplification of the auditory signal; sound frequency discrimination; primary auditory cortex and tonotopy; endolymph and perilymph and their production; hair cells and mechanical transduction channels; glutamate and cholinergic synapses in hair cells structure and function of semicircular canals and otolithic organs; the cochlea and the path of the sound waves inside it; the organ of the corti and the mechanical transduction of sound waves; inner and outer hair cells; amplification of the auditory signal; frequency discrimination; primary auditory cortex and tonotopy; structure of the eye; lens function by the cornea and the lens; retinal circuit; photoreceptors (cones and rods); differences in the density of photoreceptors in different areas of the retina; phototransduction and receptor potential; conopsins and color discrimination; retinal processing; center-periphery opposition and horizontal cells; primary and secondary visual cortex; stereoscopic vision; retinotopic order; the gustatory buttons and the olfactory epithelium; method of transduction of taste qualities; method of transduction of olfactory qualities; hypothesis of the dedicated line and of the activity scheme. primary and secondary motor areas; motor neurons and motor units; types of motor neurons and their recruitment; spinal reflexes: myotatic, inverse myotatic, cutaneous; postural reflexes and brainstem nuclei; Control of posture; eye reflexes; rhythmic movements and central pattern generators; cortical control of voluntary movement; areas of the motor cortex and their function; the basal ganglia; the cerebellum What are and what is the function of the associative areas of the cortex; what is meant by state of consciousness; describe the interpretation of the electroenphalographic recordings; describe the sleep-wake cycle; what are the neuronal circuits at the base of the typical waves of slow sleep; which brain nuclei regulate non-REM sleep; which brain nuclei regulate sleep REM sleep; which cerebral nuclei regulate wakefulness; describe the homeostatic mechanisms responsible for controlling the sleep-wake cycle; describe the circadian mechanisms responsible for controlling the sleep-wake cycle; what hypotheses have been advanced on the possible physiological functions performed by sleep; definition of learning and its forms; forms of memory: short-term and long-term; important brain areas in declarative memory; what is the long-term enhancement observed in the hippocampus; important brain areas in non-declarative memory; What are the brain structures involved in selective and generalized attention; describe the motivation and reward systems what are the homeostatic central functions; body mass and nutrition control mechanisms; temperature control mechanisms; The sympathetic system: structure and function The parasympathetic system: structure and function The limbic system and emotion Fear and brain structures involved in it Aggression and brain structures involved in it Cognitive functions: thinking Cognitive functions: language |
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile |